1、in the study of language, there are some major principles which are mainly _______. a、exhaustiveness b、consistency c、economy d、objectivity
2、according to webster, language can refer to _____________. a、human speech. b、human's ability to communicate by speech. c、a system of sounds and the combinations of these sounds used for expression and communicaiton. d、the written representation of human speech.
3、linguistics is a ________study of language.
4、in linguistics, language is a system of _____ vocal symboles used for human communication.
5、there is no ______ relationship between a linguitic form and its meaning.
1st week-1.2 design features of language-语言的设计性特征随堂测验
1、language is arbitrary, which means that ___________. a、lanugage is arbitrary at morphemic level. b、language is arbitrary at syntactic leve. c、language is not only arbitrary but also conventional. d、language is not arbitrary at syntactic level.
2、language is creative by its ___________. a、duality b、arbitrariness c、recursiveness d、displacement
3、lanuage has two levels of structures, which are _______________. a、syntactic level with sentences. b、primary level with words. c、secondary level with sounds. d、morphemic level with morphemes.
4、language is arbitrary at all of its aspects.
5、morpheme is the smallest unit of language.
2nd week-1.3 language function-语言的功能随堂测验
1、which of the following are among jakobson’s framework of language function? a、emotive b、conative c、phatic d、metalingual
2、halliday’s meta-functions of language are mainly _________. a、ideational b、informative c、interpersonal d、textual
3、by informative function of language, we mean that language enables us /html> d code. a、to express our thoughts b、to do something c、to record the facts d、to indulge in language.
4、emotive function of language mainly enables us ________. a、to change the emotional status of an audience. b、to get rid of our nervous energy. c、to express our attitudes and feelings. d、to express our thoughts
5、ideational function of language enables us _________. a、to construct the model of experience b、to construct the logic relations. c、to construct grammar d、to constract lexicon
6、for jakobson, language is above all, for ____________.
7、jakobson proposes that there are six primary elements of communication, which are addresser, addressee, message, _______, contact and code.
8、indulging in language for its own sake is the _________ function of language. ontact and code.
9、conveying message and information is the ________ function of language. tml> ontact and code.
10、according to m.a.k. halliday, _______ function of language enacts social relationship. d code.
2nd week-1.4 basic distinctions in linguistics-语言学的区别性概念随堂测验
1、a ______ description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. a、synchronic b、diachronic c、descriptive d、precriptive
2、saussure’s _______ linguistics is the study of language through the course of its history. a、synchronic b、diachronic c、descritpive d、precriptive
3、the grammarians in the 18th century tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language, which is a _______ study. a、synchronic b、diachronic c、descriptive d、prescriptive
4、the linguists try to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform. it is a _________ study. a、synchronic b、diachronic c、descriptive d、prescritpive
5、according to saussure, ______ is a product of social function of language. a、langue b、parole c、competence d、performance
6、a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic _________. a、langue b、parole c、competence d、performance
7、according to chomsky, the actual use of language in concrete situations is the linguistic _______. a、langue b、parole c、competence d、performance
8、the linguist’s proper object is the _______ of each community, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society. a、langue b、parole c、competence d、performance
9、saussure’s distinction of langue and parole emphasizes more on the ______ feature of language. a、psychological b、social c、linguistic d、grammatical
10、chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance takes a _______ view on language study. a、psychological b、social c、linguistic d、grammatical
examination-章节测试-1
1、modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
2、a scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
3、in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
4、linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
5、a diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
6、modern linguistics regards the speech as primary, not the written language.
7、the distinction between competence and performance was proposed by f. de saussure.
8、language is arbitrary on all the aspects.
9、all the language now have both spoken and written form.
10、m.a.k halliday proposes that language is, above all, for communicaiton.
11、chomsky defines _________ as the ideal user’s knowledgy of the rules of his language.
12、_______ refers to the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.
13、_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
14、language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
15、the discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called ________.
16、human capacity for language has a _______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
17、_______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
18、findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. the study of such applications is generally known as ________ linguistics.
19、linguistics is generally defined as a _______ study of language.
20、_________ is the study of language in terms of the internal structure of words.
homework-章节作业-1
1、what are the design features of human language? illustrate them with examples.
chapter two speech sounds
3rd week-2.1 basic senses-基本概念随堂测验
1、_________ phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.
2、phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, ________, and perveived.
3、________ is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.
4、in actual speech, one sound is one _______.
5、when the vocal folds are apart, the airstream can go through freely, and the ________ sounds are produced.
3rd week-2.2 consonants-辅音随堂测验
1、consonants, based on whether the vocal cords are vibrating in their production, can be classified into ________ consonannts and voiceless consonants.
2、based on the ______of articulation, we can classify consonants into stop, nasal, fricative, approximant, lateral and affricate and so on.
3、in phonetics, [p], [b] and [m] are called _________ sounds based on their place of articulation.
4、__________ involve more than one of those manners of articulation in that they consists of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.
5、the sound [k] is a voiceless _________ stop.
3rd week-2.3 vowels-元音随堂测验
1、the sound [i:] is a high front tense _______ vowel.
2、the sound [u:] is a high ______ tense rounded vowel.
3、the sound [a:] is a ______ back tense unrounded vowel.
4、the sound [e] is a middle central ______ unrounded vowel.
5、the sound [i] is a high ______ lax unrounded vowel.
4th week-2.4 phoneme theory and allophone音位理论和音位变体随堂测验
1、the process of coarticulation in which the first sound get influenced by the second is called ______ coarticulation.
2、the sound [p] is _________ when it appears elsewhere except for behind [s].
3、_______ is the smallest unit of language which distinguishes meaning.
4、______ refer to the different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment.
5、the two sounds which can occur in the same phonetic environment, and one's substitution for the other will produce a new meaning are said to be in ___________ distribution.
4th week-2.5 rules and rule ordering-规则和规则次序随堂测验
1、as for assimilation there are two types: _______ assimilation and progressive assililation.
2、in tenth, influenced by the dental sound behind, {n] is _______.
3、in "five past", [v] becomes [f]in actual speech, influenced by [p] after it, a voiceless sound. we call the process ________ by which voiced sounds become voiceless.
4、as for the three suffixes for plural nouns,[z], [s], and [iz], _____ is the basic one becasue it happens in most cases, after a voiced sound.
5、a ________ features is always a binary feature, by which we can divide a gourp of sounds into two groups, one with the feature, and the other without.
4th week-2.6 suprasegmentals-超音段随堂测验
1、as for a syllable, nucleus is essential while ________ and coda are optional.
2、as for suprasegmental features, there are mainly have three-stress, tone and _________.
3、suprasegments refer to the linguistic units which are bigger than the segment, such as _____, words, phrase, clause, sentence and even passage or text.
4、maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, we prefer to put it into the ______ rather than the coda.
5、on the coda, there are at most ____ consonants in a cluster, such as in sixths.
examination-章节测试-2
1、of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible. a、mouth b、lips c、tongue d、vocal cords
2、the sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. a、voiced b、voiceless c、vowel d、consonant
3、__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. a、[z] b、[d] c、[k] d、[b]
4、since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. a、minimal pair b、allophones c、in complementary distribution d、in contrast distribution
6、a ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. a、back b、central c、front d、middle
7、distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______. a、phonetic components b、immediate constituents c、suprasegmental features d、semantic features
8、a(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. it is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、sound c、allophone d、phoneme
9、the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. a、phones b、sounds c、allophones d、phonemes
10、in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
11、a phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
12、articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
13、vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
14、english consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
15、according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
16、vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
17、according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
18、any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
19、phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
20、a basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
21、when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
22、english consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
23、when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.
24、s_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. they include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
25、the transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
26、p___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
27、the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
28、a_______ phonetics studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer.
homework-章节作业-2
1、illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
chapter three from morpheme to phrase
5th week-3.1 what is word?-什么是词随堂测验
1、word may be used as a specific item(boy and boys are two words).
2、words are the most stable of all linguistic units. generally speaking, it is hard for us to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into different order.
3、invariable wordss refer to those words such as since, when, seldom, hello, etc. they do not have inflective endings.
4、lexical words refer to those words which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality.
5、nouns, verbs, adjectives and m any adverbs are all open-class words.
5th week-3.2 word class-词类随堂测验
1、particles include at least _____________________. a、the infinitvie marker "to". b、the negative marker "not". c、the preposition d、the subordinate units in phrasal verbs.
2、linguists hold that auxiliaries may function for __________, which is different from verbs. a、negation b、inversion c、emphasis d、code
3、in traditional grammar, there is pronoun to be used to substitute for a nominal group or a single noun. linguists have other pro-forms to substitute for other items. they are mainly ________________. a、pro-adjective b、pro-verb c、pro-adverb d、pro-locative
4、as for post -determiners, there are mainly ___________________. a、cardinal numerals b、ordinal numerals c、general ordinals d、quantifiers
5、which of the following are pre-determiners? a、both b、three times c、two-thirds d、every
5th week-3.3 types of morpheme-语素的类型随堂测验
1、in the word "friendships", there are ______ morphemes. a、one b、two c、three d、four
2、in the word "booklet", "let" is a _________________. a、free morpheme b、root c、inflectional affix d、derivational affix
3、in the word "teachers", "teacher" is a _________. a、root b、stem c、affix d、morpheme
4、in the word "children", "child" is a _____________. a、stem b、free root c、bound root d、free and bound root
5、a compound can be difined as a polymorphemic word consisting wholly of ____________. a、morphemes b、roots c、stems d、free morphemes
6th week-3.4 morphology-形态学随堂测验
1、inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding ___________ affixes to a stem. a、free b、bound c、inflectional d、derivational
2、compounds can be further divided into two kinds: _____________________. a、the free and the bound b、the inflectional and the derivational c、the exocentric and the endocentric d、the monomorphemic and the polymorphemic
3、a single phoneme can never be a morpheme itself.
4、the phonological structure of a word and its morphological structure do not necessarily correspond.
5、two sounds which are in complementary distribution are said to be the allopones of the same phoneme.
6th week-3.5 lexical change-词项变化随堂测验
1、many new words come directly from teachnological and economic activities,such as kodak, coke, nylon, granola and so on, which is called the process of _________.
2、with "transfer" and "resister", we have the word "transistor", which is a process of _________.
3、we have "copter" from "helicoper", which is a process of _________.
4、_________ is made up form the first letters of the name of an organizatioin.
5、we have "lase" from "laser" by deleting an imagined inflectional suffix. it is the process of _______ in word formation.
6、in all the borrowed words, "酒吧" is a __________, with part of its from is native in chinese, while the rest if borrowed from english culture.
6th week-3.6 morpho-syntactic change-形态句法变化随堂测验
1、the semantic change of "pile" undergoes a process of ____________, from "heap of stone" to "anything in a heap".
2、the semantic change of "camp" undergoes a process of _______________, from "open field" to " a place for people get lodged temporarily".
examination-章节测试-3
1、the morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a (n) ______. a、bound form b、bound morpheme c、inflectional morpheme d、free morpheme
2、the compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. this indicates that the meaning of a compound __________. a、... is the sum total of the meaning of its components. b、...can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes. c、...is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. d、none of the above.
3、the part of speech of the endocentric compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. a、the first element b、the second element c、either the first or the second element d、both the first and the second elements
4、_______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. a、free morphemes b、bound morphemes c、bound words d、words
5、_________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. a、syntax b、morphology c、morpheme d、grammar
6、words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
7、just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
8、morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
9、the smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
10、bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
11、inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
12、the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem.
13、prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word.
14、phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
15、free morpheme is, in other words, the minimal free form in language.
homework-章节作业-3
1、discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
chapter four syntax
7th week-4.1 syntax and syntactic relations-句法和句法关系随堂测验
1、positional relations are also called _________. a、syntagmatic relations b、horizontal relations c、chain relations d、grammatical relations
2、relations of subsitutability are also called ___________. a、paradigmatic relations b、vertical relations c、choice relations d、associative relations
3、positional relation are a manifestation of one aspect _______________ observed by f. de saussure.
4、positional relation, or ___________, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
5、relation of __________ refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
6、relation of ________ means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
7th week-4.2 grammatical construction语法结构随堂测验
1、a construction with more than one head or center is called _________ a、coordination b、subordination c、clausal construction d、exocentric construction
2、a construction without a head or centre is called ________ a、subordination b、coordination c、exocentric construction d、endocentric construction
3、on the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its _________ and ________ properties. a、internal b、grammatical c、external d、syntactic
4、the syntactic constructions can be divided into ______________. a、endocentric b、exocentric c、subordination d、coordination
7th week-4.3 constituents and ic analysis-直接成份和直接成份分析法随堂测验
1、several constituents can be joined together to form a _______.
2、ic analysis stands for __________ constituent analysis
3、a construction can be analysed by means of a _________ or bracketing.
4、immediate constituent refers to the constituents which are ______ below a constituent.
8th week-4.4 syntactic function-句法功能随堂测验
1、subject refers to one of the nouns in the ________ case.
2、simply speaking, the doer of an action in a sentence is its ______ subject.
3、_____ refers to what a sentence is about, or what is described in a sentence.
4、______ refers to the obligatory constituents other than the subject in a sentence structure.
5、a direct object is in its ______ case while an indirect object is in its dative case.
6、a class item cna perfrom several functions. a function can be fulfilled by several _______.
8th week-4.5 category-范畴随堂测验
1、the categories of noun are mainly _______________. a、number b、gender c、case d、grammar
2、the categories of verb are mainly __________. a、tense b、aspect c、number d、voice
3、category refers to the _______ properties of the general untis such as noun, verb, etc.
4、______ may be difined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category( or categories).
8th week-4.6 phrase, clause and sentence-短语，从句和句子随堂测验
1、clauses can be classified into _________ and _______. a、finite b、simple c、non-finite d、non-simple
2、imperative can be classified into ________ and _________. a、jussive b、interrogative c、declarative d、optative
3、traditionally, non-simple sentence can be classifed into _______ and _______. a、interrogative b、declarative c、complex d、compound
4、functionally, indicative can be classified into ______ and __________. a、jussive b、optative c、interrogative d、delcarative
5、a construction with more than one word and lacking the subject-predicate structure is a ________.
6、_______ is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
examination-章节测试-4
1、syntactic relations can be analysed into _____________. a、relation of substitutability b、relation of co-occurence c、relation of grammar d、positional relation
2、the types of endocentric construction are mainly ______________. a、surbordination b、coordination c、exocentric d、endocentric
3、the main categories for noun are mainly ________________. a、number b、gender c、case d、voice
4、the main categories of verb are mainly ________________. a、tense b、voice c、aspect d、number
5、the case of noun are mainly ____________. a、accusative case b、dative case c、possessive case d、nominative case
6、the types of aspect of verb are mainly ____________. a、perfective b、progressive c、perfective and progressive d、present
7、the types of voice of verb are mainly _________. a、present b、past c、active d、passive
8、there are two types of clauses, which are ______________. a、endocentric b、exocentric c、finite d、non-finite
9、in the terms of functional perspective, sentence can be divided into ____________________. a、simple b、non-simple c、indicative d、imperative
10、______ refers to a single element of structure containing more than one word,lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.
11、a constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a _______.
12、______ refers to the defining properties of the general untis: noun, verb, etc.
13、in some inflecting lanuages, object is marked by case labels: the accusative case for direct object, and the ______ case for indirect object.
14、"what the sentence is about" refers to the ________ of the sentence, which is not always the grammatical subject.
15、the doer that performs an action in a sentence is _______ subject.
16、the constituents which are directly under the construction are its _________ constituents.
17、the sentence with more than one clauses which are of equivalent syntactic status is a ________ sentence.
18、an imperative which indicates a mile order or request is a _______ in terms of functional approach.
homework-章节作业-4
1、ic analysis practic: you are supposed to do an ic analysis of a sentence with at least four levels of structure with the help of tree diagram description and bracketing description respectively.
chapter five meaning
9th week-5.1 basic senses in meaning-意义的概念随堂测验
1、the subject concerning the study of meaning is called __________.
2、c. k. ogden and i. a. richards holds that there are _______ major categories of meanings, with sub-categores all together, numbering 22.
3、g. leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his book _______ first published in 1974.
4、the _______ meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotative content of language.
5、the theory of meaning wich relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to is known as the ________ theory.
6、every word has its sense, but not every word has a ________.
9th week-5.2 sense relations-1-语义关系随堂测验
1、"good" and "bad" are said to be in _______ antonymy. a、complementary b、converse c、contradictory d、gradable
2、"innocent" and "guilty" are said to be in _________ antonymy. a、gradable b、complementary c、contradictory d、converse
3、"dead" and "alive" are said to be in _______ antonymy. a、gradable b、complementary c、converse d、contradictory
4、there is no intermediate ground between the words in _________ antonymy. a、gradable b、complementary c、converse d、contradictory
5、words in gradable antonymy ______________. a、...can be modified by "very". b、...have its comparative and superlative forms. c、...are graded against different norms. d、...have neither of them as a cover term.
6、antonymy can be classified into _______________________. a、gradable b、contradictory c、converse d、complementary
10th week-5.3 sense relations-2-语义关系随堂测验
1、total synonymy is _____. synonyms are all context dependent. they all differ one way or another.
2、in terms of sense, "politician" and "stateman" differ mainly in _________.
3、when it comes to sense, "buy" and "purchase" are mainly different from each other in _________.
4、"subway" in american enligsh and "tube" in british english are mainly different in _______ in terms of sense relaiton.
5、the higher term of a group of words in hyponymy is called ________.
6、in english,there is such kind of words such as uncle, for which no _____ exist.
10th week-5.4 componential analysis-语义成份分析随堂测验
1、in the light of componential analysis, the word "boy" can be analysed into _____________. a、human b、male c、living d、young
2、in the light of componential analysis, the word "girl" can be analysed into _______________. a、living b、human c、young d、female
3、two words, or two expression, which have the same semantic components will be synonymous with each other.
4、words which have a contrasting components are antonyms.
examination-章节测试-5
1、what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer is the________ meaning of language. a、connective b、social c、affective d、reflected
2、what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression is the _______ meaning of language. a、connotative meaning b、social c、affective d、reflected
3、the theory of meaning which relates the maning of a word to the thing it refers to is known as ___________. a、the conceptual theory b、the theory of semantic triangle c、the theory of componential analysis d、the referential theory
4、"buy" and "purchase" are two words which differ mainly in _______ in terms of synonymy. a、dialect b、connotation c、style d、form
5、"politician" and "stateman" are two words which differ mainly in _______ in terms of synonymy. a、dialect b、connotation c、style d、form
6、synonyms are always different from each other in _________. a、style b、connotation c、dialect d、form
8、the semantic components of "boy" are __________. a、human b、young c、male d、energetic
9、as for complementary antonymy, we say ___________________. a、the adjectives of this type can not be modified by "very". b、the words of this type do not have comparative or superlative degrees either. c、the norms in this type is absolute. d、there is no cover term for the two members of a pair of words in this type.
10、according to leech, __________ among the following are covered in his seven types of meaning. a、social meaning b、affective meaning c、reflected meaning d、collocative meaning
11、semantics is the study of the _________of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
12、in their book the meaning of meaning written in 1923, c.k.ogden and i.a.richards presented 16 major categories of meaning, with sub-categories all together, numbering _______.
13、the _______ meaning by leech refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotative content of language.
14、the _______ meaning by leech is what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in term of order and emphasis.
15、the ______ refers to the abstract properties of an entity while the reference refers to the entity having all those abstract properties.
16、even if synonyms in language are rich, but total synonymy is _______.
17、"cold" and "hot" are a pair of words in _______ antonymy.
18、"innocent" and "guilty" are a pair of words in ________ antonymy.
19、in the question "how old are you?", "old" serves as a ______ term, covering all the ages.
20、in english, there is only one word for the different kinds of uncles in chinese. here we say that the ______ for uncle are missing in english.
homework-章节作业-5
1、please do an semantic componential analysis for "murder".
chpater six language and cognition
11th week-6.1 what is cognition?-什么是认知随堂测验
1、in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a tendency for psychologists to emphasize commonalities between language and cognition, which were divided into two disciplines ______________ and ________________. a、cognitive linguistics b、psycholinguistics c、socialinguistics d、psychology of language
2、there exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: ____________________. a、formal approach b、conceputal approach c、cognitive approach d、psychological approach
3、cognition refers to the ________ process of an individual.
4、in 1950s, chomsky's publication of syntactic structures(1957) helped to ignite the ________ revolution.
5、another definition of cognition is the faculty of __________, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment.
11th week-6.2 psycholinguistics-心理语言学随堂测验
1、the three models which play an important role in word recognition are ________, _________ and ________. a、cohort model b、resonance model c、interactive model d、race model
2、the two models in comprehension of sentences are _________ and ___________. a、serial model b、race model c、resonance model d、parallel model
3、psycholinguistics involves the study of language _______ especially in children and linguistic peformance among adults.
4、from a psycholingtuistic point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our _______ lexicon, which is the base for language comprehension.
12th week-6.3 construal and construal operations-识解和识解操作随堂测验
1、cognitive is based on human _________ of the world and the way they percieve and comceptualized the world.
2、contural is the ability to ________ and portray the same situation in alternate ways.
3、construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in _______ process by human beings.
4、in the sentence "we went across the field, "we" can be regarded as a trajector, and "the field" a ________.
5、in cognitive terms, deixis is the used of elements of subject's ________ to designate something in the scene.
12th week-6.4 categorization-范畴化随堂测验
1、for the categories at the basic level, we can ____________. a、find the idealized configuration of feature of a category. b、conjure up a specific gestalt. c、find the most culturally salient categories required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. d、find the most relevant information.
2、for the categories at the subordinate level, we can find ________________. a、a clearly identifiable gestalt. b、an abstract form. c、lots of individual specific features. d、an idealized configuration.
3、categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different ____________ based on commonalities and differences.
4、the categories for "dog" are the ones at the ________level.
5、_________ categories are the most general ones, which have not enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt.
13th week-6.5 image schema-意象图式随堂测验
1、image schema can be defined as a resurring, ________ pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. a、fixed b、constant c、dynamic d、clear
2、the structure of an apple is said to be a _________ schema a、containment b、cycle c、force d、center-periphery
3、"sleeping and waking" is said to be an example of a _______ schema. a、containment b、cycle c、force d、center-periphery
4、"a child holding her mother's hand" is said to be an example of a _______ schema. a、scale b、path c、cycle d、link
5、"the changes in tempreture" is said to be a _______ schema. a、scale b、path c、link d、cycle
13th week-6.6 metaphor-暗喻随堂测验
1、in the sentence "we're wasting our time here", time is the _______ domain.
2、lakoff and johoson proposes the idea of _______ metaphors.
3、in i"nflation in backing us into a corner", a(n) _________ metaphor gets involved.
4、argument is war, which is a(n) _________ metaphor.
5、a(n) ________ metaphor gives a concept a spatial orientation. for exmaple, we say "happy is up while sad is down".
14th week-6.7 metonymy-转喻随堂测验
1、metonymy, in the cognitive literature, is defined as a ______process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.
2、the _______ in the definition of metonymy, refers to the means by which we use to describe our experience.
3、the ________ in the definition of metonymy, refers to the experience being described in our cognitive processing of the world.
4、icms in cognitive linguistics stands for ________ cognitive models.
5、in even icm, events may be ________ viewed as things which may have parts.
14th week-6.8 blending theory-整合理论随堂测验
1、blending is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more _______ spaces re integrated via projection into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.
2、blending operates on two input mental spaces to produce a third space, the blend, which has _______ structure of its own.
3、______ space reflects more common, usually more abstract structure and organization shared by the inputs.
4、blending happens in three interrelated ways: composition, _________ and elaboration.
examination-章节测试-6
1、we say “slow road” for “slow traffic resulting from the poor state of the road”. it is a(n) ______. a、production icm b、causation icm c、perception icm d、action icm
2、in the sentence “ i’ve got a ford”, ___________ gets involved. a、production icm b、causation icm c、perception icm d、action icm
3、the sentence “the whole town showed up” involves _________ in language use. a、perception icm b、possession icm c、containment icm d、location icm
4、we say “i am parked there” for “my car is parked there”. it is a(n)_____________. a、perception icm b、possession icm c、containment icm d、location icm
5、we say “there goes my knee” for “there goes the pain in my knee”. it is a(n)_________. a、perception icm b、possession icm c、containment icm d、location icm
6、the approaches to the study of language and cognition are mainly _____________. a、conceptual approach b、formal approach c、syntactic approach d、psychological approach
7、which of the following are among the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics? a、comprehension of language b、producation of language c、development of language d、acquisition of language
8、as for word recognition in language comprehension, there are mainly ____________. a、cohort model b、interactive model c、resonating model d、race model
9、as for sentence comprehension, there are mainly __________. a、race model b、resonating model c、serial model d、parallel model
10、there are some conditions needed when two input spaces are blended, which are _________. a、cross-space mapping b、generic space c、blend d、structure
11、ontological metaphor gives the concept a spatial orientation.
12、according to the blenging theory by fauconnier and turner, the blend inherits the structure from input mental spaces.
13、metaphor are also called icms(idealized cognitive models) in cognitive literature.
14、the categories at the basic level helps us find an idealized configuration of feature of a category.
15、the category at subordinate level gives us a clearly identifiable gestalt and lots of individual specific features.
16、in metaphor, the means that we used in order to describe our experience is the __________ domain.
17、arguement is war, which is an examlpe of ________ metaphors.
18、an image schema is defined by mark johnson as a recurring, _______ pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
19、categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different _________ based on commonalities and differences.
20、construal is the ability to _______ and portray the same situatioin in alternate ways.
homework-章节作业-6
1、illustrate the framework of the blending theory by fauconnier and turmer.
chapter seven language, culture and society
15th week-7.1 language and culture-1-语言和文化随堂测验
1、______ claimed tht in its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity. a、j.p. firth b、bronislaw malinowski c、franz boas d、edward sapir
2、________ delveloped his theory of context of situatioin which illustrated the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. a、j.p. firth b、bronsilaw malinowski c、franz boas d、m.a.k. halliday
3、_______ understands language from a socially semiotic or interactional perspective. a、j.p. firth b、bronislaw malinowski c、franz boas d、m.a.k halliday
4、___________ are the proneers of the study of language in a sociocultural context in england. a、bronislaw malinowsky b、benjamin lee whorf c、edward sapir d、john p. firth
5、firth's theory of context of situation mainly includes _________. a、the relevant features of the participants, persos, personalities. b、the verbal action of the participants c、the relevant objects. d、the effects of the verbal action.
15th week-7.2 language and culture-2-语言和文化随堂测验
1、in the framework of ethnography of communication, a speech community refers to a group of people who share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic _________ as well.
2、speech acts are part of speech ______ which are, in turn, part of speech situations.
3、speaking is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech in which "n" stands for ______.
4、eugene nida holds that to be a good translator, one has to be fully aware of five types of sub-culture: _______ culture, linguistic culture, religious culture, material culture and social culture.
5、following sapir-whorf hypotheses, two points can be captured: linguistic ______ and linguistic relativity.
15th week-7.3 language and society-语言和社会随堂测验
1、in the social stratificaiton of english in new york city ____________ proposes that class and style are two major factors influencing the speaker's choice of one phonological variant over another. a、robin lakoff b、edward sapir c、franz boas d、william labov
2、in the 1960s, athe resurrection of a dualistic view of linguistic inquiry came into bejing, along with the development of sociolinguistics as an opposition to the dominant theory of ________ linguistics. a、saussure's b、firth's c、chomsky's d、malinowsky's
3、which of the following are among the social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. a、class b、gender c、occupation d、ethnic identity
4、according to robin lakoff, women's register mainly takes on the following features. a、women use more fancy color terms. b、women use less powerful curse words. c、women use more tag questions. d、women use more intensifiers.
5、socialinguistics can further be specified as two related but not identical perspective of observation, namely, a ______________ and a __________________. a、socialinguistic study of culture b、socialinguistic study of society c、socialinguistic study of lanuage d、socialinguistic study of communication
1、individualism in western culture emphasizes more on ___________________. a、privacy b、individual freedom c、differences from others d、uniformity
2、psycogically, people in culture shock often feel_________. a、frustrated b、precarious in mind c、helpless d、homesick
3、physically, people in culture shock are often ___________________. a、excessive in washing hands. b、excessive in eating. c、inclined to suffering from illness. d、inclined to suffering from insomnia
4、collectivism in eatern culture emphasizes more on ________________. a、social groups b、agreement c、privacy d、individual freedom
5、culture shock can refer to the ________ you experience when you go into a culture different from your home culture.
examination-章节测试-7
1、the impact of culture upon a given language is something ______ and indispensable. a、unusual b、casual c、intrinsic d、common
2、language is an indispensable _____ of culture. culture finds a better representation through language use. a、tool b、manner c、means d、carrier
3、some change was observed at the start of the 20th century: a(n) ___________ orientation in the study of language was devleoped both in england and in north america. a、cognitive b、cultural c、social d、anthropological
4、malinowsky claimed that in its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity...it is a mode of _____, and not an instrument of relfection. a、words b、thoughts c、action d、emotion
5、in the middle of 1960s, ______ conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the city of new york, which is to examine the relationships between speakers' social status and their phonological variations. a、william labov b、robin lakoff c、franz boas d、edward sapir
6、according to robin lakoff, a women register takes on the following features: a、women use more intensifiers b、women use more fancy color words. c、women use more tag questions d、women use less powerful curse words.
7、which of the following are among the social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. a、class b、gender c、ethnic identity d、occupation
8、firth's theory of context of situation mainly includes: a、the relevant features of the participants, persons and personalities. b、the relevant objects c、the verbal action of the participants. d、the effects of the verbal actions.
9、the representatives in north america in the study of language in a sociocultural context at the start of the 20th century are _______. a、j.p. firth b、edward sapir c、franz boas d、benjamin lee whorf
10、categorically, sociolinguistic studies can further be specified as ______________. a、socialinguistic study of society b、socialinguistic study of culture c、socialinguistic study of language d、socialinguistic study of history
11、eugene nida proposes that to be a good translator, one has to be fully aware of five types of sub-culture: _______culture, religious culture, linguistic culture, material culture and social culture.
12、according to sapir-whorf hypothsis, two point can be captured: linguistic ______ and linguistic relativity.
13、in ethnography of communication, speech acts are part of speech _______ which are in turn, part of speech situations.
14、a speech community refers to a group of people who share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one _______ variety as well.
15、culture shock refers to the ______you experience when you go into another culture different from your home culture.
homework-章节作业-7
1、you are supposed to give your opinions on the relationship betwen language and culture.
term exam
term exam for an introduction to linguistics(i)
1、the differences between alive/dead, male/female, present/absent and odd/even are all the oppositeness relation of _________. a、gradable antonymy b、complementary antonymy c、converse antonymy d、identical antonymy
2、linguists give priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because_________. a、vocal sounds are derived from writing systems b、speech precedes writing everywhere in the world c、we have recording devices to study speech d、spoken language prededes written language only in indo-european languages
3、a linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ____________. a、unnatural b、something to be feared c、natural d、abnormal
4、in the study of language and culture, ___________ held that language, in its primitive use, functions as a link in human social activities. a、malinowesky b、firth c、sapir d、whorf
5、which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? a、[p] b、[m] c、[b] d、[t]
6、in english if a word begins with a [l] or [r], then the next sound must be a __________. a、fricative b、nasal sound c、semi-vowel d、vowel
7、in the word "children", "child" is a ______________. a、free root b、bound root c、stem d、prefix
8、the "ship" in the word "friendship" is __________________. a、a prefix b、a suffix c、a free foot d、a bound root
9、the distinction of language and parole is proposed by saussure, which focuses the study in the ________ perspective. a、social b、psychological c、linguistic d、all-round
10、nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________. a、lexical words b、grammatical words c、function words d、form words
11、the study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____________ linguistics. a、applied b、diachronic c、comparative d、synchronic
12、meta-functions of language are proposed by ____________. a、chomsky b、saussure c、halliday d、firth
13、sapir-whorf hypotheses holds that our language helps mould our way of thinking and ,consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. following this arguement, we can conclude that ____________. a、language may determine our thinking patterns, so we have the similar conceptualization of the world. b、language may determine our thinking paterns, and the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. c、language may determine our thinking patterns, consequently, our thinking patterns mould our language in return. d、language determnines all the things.
14、modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _____________. a、prescriptive b、descriptive c、subjective d、latin-based
15、which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? a、language and speech b、visual and spatial skills c、reading and writing d、analytic reasoning
16、the semantic components of the word _______ are human, adult, male, -married. a、husband b、man c、bachelor d、widow
17、english consonants can be classified in terms of ____________. a、manner of articulation b、place of aritculation c、force of aritculation d、both a and b
18、the study of how words are combined to form sentences is called __________. a、phonetics b、morphonoly c、syntax d、semantics
19、a ______study of language describes a lnaguage as ti is at some particular point in time. a、synchronic b、historical c、comparative d、syntactic
20、the branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called ________. a、semantics b、sociolinguistics c、pragmatics d、psycholinguistics
21、by saying___________, we mean the study of rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. a、phonetics b、phonology c、morhpology d、syntax
22、which of the following contains a simile（明喻）? a、death lays his icy hand on kings. b、all the world is a stage. c、and all the men and women merely players. d、o, my luve is like a red, red rose.
23、the language of females is characterized by using ____________. a、more prestigious forms b、more polite and less blunt language c、more specific color terms d、all of the above
24、what is the construction of the sentence "the baby smiled?" a、subordinate b、coordinate c、exocentric d、endocentric
25、the words such as "handbook" and "highway" are ___________. a、formed by blending b、coined by back-formation c、compound words d、derivations
26、all syllabes must have a _____________. a、coda b、onset c、nucleus d、consonant
27、what is the correct syllabic structure of "sixths"? a、vcc b、cvcc c、cvccc d、cvcccc
28、the ______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other speech organs. a、nasal cavity b、oral cavity c、tongue d、lips
29、nasalization, dentalization and velarization are all instances of __________, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. a、assimilation b、allophonic variation c、phonemic transcription d、syllabification
30、__________ found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous cooperative principle. a、john austin b、john firth c、paul grice d、william jones
31、which of the following are converse antonyms? a、clever/stupid b、boy/girl c、give/receive d、teacher/employee
32、the fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ________. a、rational b、logical c、cultural d、arbitrary
33、"it is wrong to split an infinitive." this is an example of ________ rules. a、prescriptive b、descriptive c、transformational d、functional
34、using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a ______ function. a、recreational b、metalingual c、informative d、performative
35、morphemes that represent "tense", "gender", "case", "number" and so forth are called _______morphemes. a、complementary b、bound c、free d、derivational
36、the english word "modernizers" is composed of _______ morphemes. a、four b、three c、two d、five
37、"unless i hear from her, i won't leave this town" is a ___________ sentence. a、simple b、coordinate c、complex d、compound
38、in the following pairs of words, ________ are a pair of complementary antonyms. a、old and yound b、male and female c、hot and cold d、buy and sell
39、the sound [v] can be described as a __________________. a、voiced, labiodental and affricate b、voiced, labiodental and fricative c、voiced, alveolar and affricate d、voiced, alveolar and fricative
40、the main purpose of establishing minimal pairs is to ___________________. a、find out the total numer of consonants of a lanuage b、find out the total number of vowels of a language c、determine the phonemes of a language d、determine the allophones of a lanuage.
41、in the history of any language the writing system always come into being before the spoken form.
42、in english syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrases(np), verb phrase(vp), prepositional phraase(pp) and adverbial phrase(ap).
43、according to the swiss linguist saussure, langue refers to the abstracct linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
44、sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.
45、all consonants in english are voiceless.
46、the meanings of compound words generally can be worked out by looking at the meanings of the constituent words.
47、of all the design features of the human lanuage, displacement is the most important.
48、sociolinguistics is the branch of lexicography which deals with dictionary-making.
49、morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language that can be used independently.
50、competence and performance mean, to n. chomsky, much the same thing.
51、the first language was invented by adam, the first man, according to f. de saussure.
52、in classifying the english consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
53、john austin made a distinction between what he called "constatives" and "performatives".
54、the most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.
55、pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language in use.
56、n. chomsky made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription.
57、utterance meaning is bassed on sentence meaning. it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.
58、the meaning of s sentence is the combination of the meanings of the words in the sentence.
59、all the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
60、a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be fixed.
61、the sound /p/ in the word "expensive" is pronounced as a voiceless consonant.
62、[f] is a dental consonant.
63、[s], [f], [v], [z] are all fricatives.
64、[w] is an approximant based on the manner of articulation for consonants.
65、in view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer, more correct, or more logical than any other dialect of the language.
66、the word "ungentlemanliness" has five morphemes.
67、we can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
68、chinese is thought to be the first language by most linguists.
69、a second language can only be learned. it can not be acquired.
70、english, like chinese, is a typical tone language.
71、tree diagrams of constituent structures best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences.
72、what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
73、speech and writing came into being at much the same time in the human history.
74、suprasegmental features include intonation, stress and tone.
75、coordinate construction and subordinate construction make up the two main types of endocentric constructions.
76、langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.
77、phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.
78、language is arbitrary in that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and what the word refers to.
79、one of the basic differences between animal call systems and human language is that animal call systems are genetically transmitted, while language is culturally transmitted.
80、the phatic function of language refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
81、diachronic description is primary and synchronic description is secondary.
82、language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
83、modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.
84、sentence meaning is to some degree the sum total of the meanings of the words used in it.
85、[m] is a bilabiol consonant.
86、linguistics is a branch of science which takes _________as its object of investigation.
87、competence is the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system while ________is the actual use of this knowledge in concrete situation.
88、the sapir-whorf hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic_________ and linguistic relativity.
89、langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and ______ refers to the actualized language or the realization of langue.
90、the view that language can be regarded as the ______ of thought can be dated back to the time of plato.
91、_________ is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in language.
92、language is a system of _________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
93、_________ is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language
94、_________ can be defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.
95、by “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no ________ connection between meanings and sounds
96、the syllable consists of three parts: the ______, the necleus and the coda.
97、phonetics can be divided into three kinds: ________ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.
98、_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
99、the sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
100、english consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of _______ of articulation.
101、"cold" and "hot" are a pair of words in _______ antonymy.
102、"innocent" and "guilty" are a pair of words in ________ antonymy.
103、in metaphor, the means that we used in order to describe our experience is the __________ domain.
104、arguement is war, which is an examlpe of ________ metaphors.
105、an image schema is defined by mark johnson as a recurring, _______ pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
106、construal is the ability to _______ and portray the same situatioin in alternate ways.
107、eugene nida proposes that to be a good translator, one has to be fully aware of five types of sub-culture: _______culture, religious culture, linguistic culture, material culture and social culture.
108、the constituents which are directly under the construction are its _________ constituents.
term exam for an introduction to linguistics(ii)
1、please make a biref introduction to the study of language and culture.
2、you are supposed to give a brief introduction to the design features of language in your own words.